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Gilles.Thesee(at)ac-greno Guest
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Posted: Tue Nov 14, 2006 2:45 am Post subject: Temperature units puzzle |
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Hi Bob and all,
As a European I'm accustomed to see US citizens use Fahrenheit for CHT,
oil temp etc.
But in an original P51 manual, I'm puzzled to find temps in Celsius.
How come the Celsius were fashionable in the '40s when only Anglo-Saxons
were flying US airplanes, and now they have reverted to Fahrenheit ?
Thanks,
Gilles Thesee
Grenoble, France
http://contrails.free.fr
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rdunhamtn(at)hotmail.com Guest
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Posted: Tue Nov 14, 2006 4:53 am Post subject: Temperature units puzzle |
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Gilles,
When I was in the fourth grade I think, about 1962, we began learning the
metric system. I was really excited to be growing up at a time when this
change would happen. It was a time of
innovation and rapid progress in the sciences and industry in this country.
The cold war was on and we were still ducking under our desks for those
"nuclear" drills. Jets were dogfighting over Korea, ICBM's were roaring into
orbit overhead, we were about to put a man on the moon and NO-ONE doubted
our ability to do so. The USA was instilled with a pride and confidence born
of success and
progress. This "new" metric system, I thought, was just another sign of our
advancement as a Civilization.
Even a prodigy, er, uh, child such as myself could see the obvious
superiority of the metric system. No more ciphering fractions of inches and
inconvenient conversion factors such as 12 inches per foot and 3 feet per
yard and 5,280 feet per mile and such. Yuk. What a crappy system. Now, all
would be simple and sweet. The meter. 100cm per meter! Just move the decimal
point! Same number. No ciphering. 1000 meters per kilometer. Just move the
decimal point. Same number. Speed of light 300,000 K/s, Frequency 100,000
Hz, wavelength = 3 meters, 1/4 wave antenna 3/4 meters or 75cm. Just get the
tape, mark 75 and cut. Easy! Water freezes at 0 degrees C and boils at 100.
A really cool and useful standard.
So, we started the switch. But then something curious happened. We didn't
actually DO it! Who knows why. Tradition. Laziness. Fear. I don't know. What
I do know is this. We now have the worst of both worlds. Every American now
has to have TWO sets of tools! Every car or piece of equipment seems to be
stuck in between metric and imperial or SAE as we call it on this side of
the pond. We're stuck in the 60's!
HEEEEEEEEEEEEELLLLLLLLLLLPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP!
Rodney
DO NOT ARCHIVE
_________________________________________________________________
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Mark Phillips in TN
Joined: 10 Jan 2006 Posts: 431 Location: Columbia, TN
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Posted: Tue Nov 14, 2006 6:04 am Post subject: Temperature units puzzle |
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In a message dated 11/14/2006 4:47:52 AM Central Standard Time, Gilles.Thesee(at)ac-grenoble.fr writes:
Quote: | But in an original P51 manual, I'm puzzled to find temps in Celsius. |
>>>
The P-51 was originally ordered by the RAF. Were the Brits already smarter than us at the time?
Mark do not archive (just another stupid American with two sets of tools, dammit!)
[quote][b]
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_________________ From The PossumWorks... |
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nuckollsr(at)cox.net Guest
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Posted: Tue Nov 14, 2006 6:31 am Post subject: Temperature units puzzle |
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At 09:26 PM 11/13/2006 +0100, you wrote:
Quote: |
<Gilles.Thesee(at)ac-grenoble.fr>
Hi Bob and all,
As a European I'm accustomed to see US citizens use Fahrenheit for CHT,
oil temp etc.
But in an original P51 manual, I'm puzzled to find temps in Celsius.
How come the Celsius were fashionable in the '40s when only Anglo-Saxons
were flying US airplanes, and now they have reverted to Fahrenheit ?
|
Why do some folks call them "pancakes", others "flapjacks", while
still others speak of "griddlecakes". You're not witnessing a
reversion but simply an illustration of how various products
and technologies reflect their roots.
Our aviation services have mixed and matched scales and
nomenclatures for the same or similar information since
day-one. Temperatures at altitude have always been offered
in C while ground temps were until a few years ago offered
in F. Directions on the ground were in magnetic while winds
aloft were in true. Some folks like to offer pressures in
inches-Hg while others gravitated to millibars or even mm-Hg.
ATP category aircraft shared a lot of engineering and
operating philosophies with military aircraft and tended
to be more formal in the descriptions of performance while
single engine aircraft that targeted John Q Public were more
likely to speak in a language common to folks who drove
cars and trucks and got their weather from the radio.
Yes, there was a grand push to avoid confusion, make teaching
easier, reduce errors, and perhaps even foster a sense
of "oneness with the world" by adopting the metric system.
And to be sure, there are some obvious advantages. But doing
so requires a singleness of purpose for a majority of
a population for several generations in order to flush out
the old and replace with the new.
In the mean time you have cost of creation and ownership
issues for the folks who have to purchase, stock and
maintain the hardware. I still get a sense of !#$!(at) when
I have to essentially double the numbers of tools I
own in order to perform basic maintenance on products
I own.
Politicians and preachers have dreamed of world wide
oneness for centuries. Some have attempted to force
their vision on humankind. In the final analysis,
any successful transition will be driven by
folks who deliver the most compelling products. As
our markets experience the forces of world-wide participants,
it will be the systems of measurement favored by the
most competitive suppliers that will prevail. If a
third world society could rise up over the next couple
of generations and provide us with a flow of products
that rivaled the rest of the world, it wouldn't matter
if they used metric, fractional or even some totally new
system of measurement. We'd all go out and buy the
tools that fit those products, grumbling all the way
to the store driving the car that addressed our
perceptions of best value.
The smooth transition to oneness is not by decree or
even obvious logic. It's the whim of suppliers
and the acceptance of those supplier's goods and
services by a customer who perceives value in
the goods and services. If a huge starship landed
tomorrow and loaded a compelling array of
merchandise into Walmart's distribution pipes,
it's a certainty that very few individuals would
refuse to purchase those products because it takes
yet another set of tools to maintain them or the
temperature gage needed some translation.
In the mean time, we can look forward to more
of the same. It's less stressful to chalk it up to
"diversity and the richness of melding cultures"
than to gunch about it. Now, were did I put that
T9 wrench?
Bob . . .
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oldbob(at)BeechOwners.com Guest
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Posted: Tue Nov 14, 2006 6:57 am Post subject: Temperature units puzzle |
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Good Morning Richard,
How very true, but, fortunately, the ones we have been
using for aviation here in our crazy mixed up country
have had a hex drive portion that was made to fit our
good old fashioned foot/inch measurement system.
I'd say odds are that old John Deere/Champion plug
used a non metric wrench to aid it's extraction.
Have you ever noted that aircraft mechanics world wide
seem to have standardized on our system as well?
Will wonders never cease?
Happy Skies,
Old Bob
--- Richard Girard <jindoguy(at)gmail.com> wrote:
Quote: | The answer to this one is pretty simple. Bosch was
the first maker of spark
plugs and set the standard. you could probably go
back to a 1921 owner's
manual and find the same reference. So far as I
know, spark plugs are all
metric thread and always have been.
Rick
On 11/14/06, DBerelsman(at)aol.com <DBerelsman(at)aol.com>
wrote:
>
> Great question Giles...
>
> Here is another nail in the coffin of the folks
who moan "I love American
> non-standard measurement".
>
> Last summer I was repairing my fathers 1951 John
Deere B farm tractor.
> What's more American than John Deere ?.
>
> The tattered owners manual calls for *18mm
Champion spark plugs*.
>
> What happened to our good sense ?
>
|
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Kellym
Joined: 10 Jan 2006 Posts: 1706 Location: Sun Lakes AZ
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Posted: Tue Nov 14, 2006 7:37 pm Post subject: Temperature units puzzle |
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Except for American aircraft, where no metric tools are needed.
Rodney Dunham wrote:
Quote: | --Every American now has to have TWO sets of tools! Every car or piece
of equipment seems to be stuck in between metric and imperial or SAE
as we call it on this side of the pond. We're stuck in the 60's!
HEEEEEEEEEEEEELLLLLLLLLLLPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP!
Rodney
DO NOT ARCHIVE
_________________________________________________________________
Add a Yahoo! contact to Windows Live Messenger for a chance to win a
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_________________ Kelly McMullen
A&P/IA, EAA Tech Counselor # 5286
KCHD |
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jim.d.barlow(at)intel.com Guest
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nuckollsr(at)cox.net Guest
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Posted: Wed Nov 15, 2006 7:03 pm Post subject: Temperature units puzzle |
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At 05:27 PM 11/15/2006 -0800, you wrote:
This article assumes an often committed fundamental
flaw in logic made by some observers of government.
Namely that the president (or any other official) has
the power to effect much of anything - especially
something so interwoven into the fabric of an economy.
The article assumes: (1) that president A decrees that
"it shall be so". All dutiful citizens immediately
begin marching off toward that goal and (2) that
president B - [for what ever motivations] decreed that
"it shall not be so" and all progress toward that goal
ceased.
The argument then stacks a lot of confusing if
not irrelevant references around the assertion
thus laying the groundwork for a huge disconnect
between perceptions of some citizens and simple
realities - like market forces and economics in
a free society.
If president A's decree were to achieve fruition,
it would have required the full force of of every
agent of government with guns to confiscate and destroy
every article not designed, manufactured and maintained
in the metric system. This would have required laws
with severe penalties for not adhering to the "new
order". The process would have taken years and
the court system would have been swamped. The economic
impact to the country would have been incalculable.
Fortunately, both the force and will of our elected decision
makers have yet to rise to the necessary proportions.
Bottom line is if somebody mass markets a new
product with fasteners totally foreign to all popular
measurement systems but with performance value
and market appeal, the same manufacturer would make
a lot of money selling a set of tools to go along
with the product.
Bob . . .
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echristley(at)nc.rr.com Guest
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Posted: Thu Nov 16, 2006 5:17 am Post subject: Temperature units puzzle |
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Robert L. Nuckolls, III wrote:
Quote: |
Bottom line is if somebody mass markets a new
product with fasteners totally foreign to all popular
measurement systems but with performance value
and market appeal, the same manufacturer would make
a lot of money selling a set of tools to go along
with the product.
Bob . . .
For proof, see "phillips screw".
|
A more modern reference would be "torx screw".
(Dang-blasted car companies)
--
,|"|"|, Ernest Christley |
----===<{{(oQo)}}>===---- Dyke Delta Builder |
o| d |o http://ernest.isa-geek.org |
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Dale Ensing
Joined: 11 Jan 2006 Posts: 571 Location: Aero Plantation Weddington NC
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Posted: Thu Nov 16, 2006 5:50 am Post subject: Temperature units puzzle |
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Stuck in Fahrenheit
After working for years in the International division of the Company and
living in Europe for some time, I tried to make the conversion to metric as
my "mother tongue" for weight and measures. I really tried!
And when I built my RV-6A, I put in an engine monitor that .is all metric.
I read the numbers and know what they mean. I consider myself sort of dual.
But, the bottom line is that I still tend to mentally convert back to the
'English units' when making comparisons between numbers. I am about to give
up and convert the engine monitor to English units of measures.
Maybe I was too old when I tried to convert. I have decided I am now too old
to fight it any longer and will leave it up to future generations. I think
the best we can hope for in the short term is to become proficient in each
system (as Gilles Thesee appears to be with the two languages).
Dale Ensing
do not archieve
Quote: |
This article explains the lack of conversion.
http://capitalastronomers.org/ReganMeasurements.html
As a European I'm accustomed to see US citizens use Fahrenheit for CHT,
oil temp etc.
But in an original P51 manual, I'm puzzled to find temps in Celsius.
How come the Celsius were fashionable in the '40s when only Anglo-Saxons
were flying US airplanes, and now they have reverted to Fahrenheit ?
Thanks,
Gilles Thesee
Grenoble, France
http://contrails.free.fr
|
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_________________ Dale Ensing
RV-6A
Aero Plantation
Weddington NC |
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VE3LVO(at)rac.ca Guest
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Posted: Thu Nov 16, 2006 7:30 am Post subject: Temperature units puzzle |
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Old Bob and gang,
I note that no one has mentioned the BA series of wrenches et al, which
produced all those starnge aircraft like the Lancaster bomber and the
Lysander STOL.
I have several sets of these eerie creatures which say "3/8" but neatly fit
a 3/4" hexhead. It's OK if you can multiply by 2.
Ferg Kyle
Europa A064 914 Classic
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oldbob(at)BeechOwners.com Guest
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Posted: Thu Nov 16, 2006 8:32 am Post subject: Temperature units puzzle |
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Good Morning Ferg,
And Whitworth! (Did I spell that correctly?)
My Dad had a set of tools that he used when working on
International trucks during the twenties. They were
marked with the size of the bolt that was being used
and would fit the nuts that International Harvester
had decided to use on that particular sized bolt.
He was one happy camper when the SAE standards were
applied to bolt and wrench sizes.
As one who has a lifetime collection (some from my Dad
which he used in the thirties after the SAE stepped
in) of tools, machinery and fasteners:
I'm still happy with those standards.
Happy Skies,
Old Bob
--- Fergus Kyle <VE3LVO(at)rac.ca> wrote:
Quote: |
Kyle" <VE3LVO(at)rac.ca>
Old Bob and gang,
I note that no one has mentioned the BA series of
wrenches et al, which
produced all those starnge aircraft like the
Lancaster bomber and the
Lysander STOL.
I have several sets of these eerie creatures which
say "3/8" but neatly fit
a 3/4" hexhead. It's OK if you can multiply by 2.
Ferg Kyle
Europa A064 914 Classic
Click on
about
provided
www.buildersbooks.com
Admin.
browse
Subscriptions page,
FAQ,
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Gilles.Thesee(at)ac-greno Guest
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Posted: Thu Nov 16, 2006 2:10 pm Post subject: Temperature units puzzle |
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Thanks to all who responded. Most informative messages. I'll take the
time to thoroughly reread each of them this week-end.
I was much interested to discover that some moves to metric have already
been done in the US.
Of course I'm not suggesting that our American friends change their unit
system, just wondering why the Celsius appeared then disappeared.
I understand the reluctance of those who would stay with the
"inch-pound". We've just been changing to the Euro, and it takes much
time to get the new feel.
But it's great to have the same currency throughout Europe. Except in
Great Britain, of course.
Best regards,
Gilles
http://contrails.free.fr
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Bob McC
Joined: 09 Jan 2006 Posts: 258 Location: Toronto, ON
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Posted: Thu Nov 16, 2006 4:18 pm Post subject: Temperature units puzzle |
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Or British standard Whitworth (BSW)??? Or British standard fine. (BSF)
Bob McC
do not archive
---
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_________________ Bob McC
Falco #908
(just starting) |
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Eric M. Jones

Joined: 10 Jan 2006 Posts: 565 Location: Massachusetts
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Posted: Thu Nov 16, 2006 5:14 pm Post subject: Re: Screw Threads and Heads-- |
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I was still wondering if I liked Torx heads when they added/changed to Torx II and Torx Plus (are they the same?). There are dozens of variations of "Phillips" or similar cross-recess heads.
Around here you can still find 7-32, 9-32, 11-32 etc. from the dim industrial New England past. There are hundreds of thread standards, but ISO (Metric) takes the place of almost all of them.
I marked the day the American Empire crumbled on the day NASA decided to build the US half of the international space station in inches and let everyone else use ISO metric. This was both cosmically and comically stupid. What if you need to borrow some fasteners?
I design in both inch and metric (and implemented the metric system at the last place I worked) and I can tell you that the inch hangs on from fear and ignorance. I was going to write "inch-system" but there isn't one. Design engineers often panic when they are forced to change. I tell them not to do conversions, and don't be afraid--just use the system. But in desperation, they sneak in cheat sheets...
Let's see one American light year=9,460,730,472,580,800,000 international millimeters.
"THE VERY BIG STUPID" is a thing which breeds by eating The Future. Have you seen it? It sometimes disguises itself as a good-looking quarterly bottom line, derived by closing the R&D Department.
--Frank Zappa
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_________________ Eric M. Jones
www.PerihelionDesign.com
113 Brentwood Drive
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(508) 764-2072
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nuckollsr(at)cox.net Guest
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Posted: Thu Nov 16, 2006 5:57 pm Post subject: Temperature units puzzle |
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At 05:14 PM 11/16/2006 -0800, you wrote:
Quote: |
I was still wondering if I liked Torx heads when they added/changed to
Torx II and Torx Plus (are they the same?). There are dozens of variations
of "Phillips" or similar cross-recess heads.
Around here you can still find 7-32, 9-32, 11-32 etc. from the dim
industrial New England past. There are hundreds of thread standards, but
ISO (Metric) takes the place of almost all of them.
I marked the day the American Empire crumbled on the day NASA decided to
build the US half of the international space station in inches and let
everyone else use ISO metric. This was both cosmically and comically
stupid. What if you need to borrow some fasteners?
|
Agreed . . . for the single machine in an exceedingly
unique marketplace, one wonders about the thought
processes that went into that decision and whether
or not somebody decided that they'd rather spend a finite
budget on design and performance as opposed to process.
Quote: | I design in both inch and metric (and implemented the metric system at the
last place I worked) and I can tell you that the inch hangs on from fear
and ignorance.
|
Really? Fear? Ignorance? Please support this
assertion. There's not a person I know that wouldn't
rather work in metric but we have $deca-millions$ (there's
a metric for you) tied up in machine tools and
untold investments in familiarization hours for
the folks that design, build and maintain our products.
Now, explain how a total change-out to ANY other system
will make our cost-out-the-door lower, performance higher,
customer acceptance greater . . . or our stock more
valuable.
Quote: | I was going to write "inch-system" but there isn't one. Design engineers
often panic when they are forced to change. I tell them not to do
conversions, and don't be afraid--just use the system. But in
desperation, they sneak in cheat sheets...
|
That's like saying that a novel written in German is somehow
superior to one written in English. Or that an e-book
should be arbitrarily favored over the print version.
Process does not trump elegant designs crafted of well
organized simple-ideas.
The metric system is becoming more prevalent all the
time and the marketplace is and will continue to adjust
as the economics dictate. Keep in mind that many high volume
production operations call 6% net profit a good thing
causing their stock to rise while the competitor's 4%
profit is not so whippy in the eyes of Wall Street.
And do we suppose the stockholders give a rat's fat
patootie what measurement system was used to produce the
product? Ignorance and fear? Give me a break! It's going
to happen but in it's own good time and not because of (or
lack of) presidential decrees or cabbages lobbed in from
the balcony.
Bob . . .
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Eric M. Jones

Joined: 10 Jan 2006 Posts: 565 Location: Massachusetts
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Posted: Fri Nov 17, 2006 12:02 pm Post subject: Re: Temperature units puzzle |
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>I design in both inch and metric (and implemented the metric system at the
>last place I worked) and I can tell you that the inch hangs on from fear
>and ignorance. ---snip from Eric's message.
Quote: | Bob--Really? Fear? Ignorance? Please support this
assertion. There's not a person I know that wouldn't
rather work in metric but we have $deca-millions$ (there's
a metric for you) tied up in machine tools and
untold investments in familiarization hours for
the folks that design, build and maintain our products. |
Thanks for the slow pitch Bob. I'll swing at it.
Pow!...You bet. FEAR and IGNORANCE--the opposite of courage and understanding. You may ascribe different emotions to engineers whose internal psyches make them more comfortable STILL designing in inches and then converting to metric--sometimes by pushing a button on their CAD system-- (the tolerances especially become a nightmare), but I've seen these guys turn white with fear when facing the task of completely abandoning their cozy conversion-filled measurement nests. Okay, call it crazy and stupid--or shortsighted and provincial. I tried being reasonable...I didn't like it.
Quote: | Bob--There's not a person I know that wouldn't rather work in metric. |
Then you don't know many engineers, designers and draftspeople who spent their whole careers poking and scratching in inches. Change is scarey.
Quote: | Bob-- ...but we have $deca-millions$ (there's a metric for you) tied up in machine tools |
Congratulations. So you've figured out what happened to our machine tool industry. Foreigners are worried about buying our stuff because their mechanics can't find bolts to screw into them. If you don't believe it you haven't talked to foreign engineers. Ask them about their perceptions and get back to us.
Quote: | Bob--...and untold investments in familiarization hours for the folks that design, build and maintain our products. |
You hit the metric nail right on the head. In ten more years we will have ten more years of "familiarization hours". Suck it up and take the leap. It ain't really so hard.
Quote: | Bob-- Now, explain how a total change-out to ANY other system will make our cost-out-the-door lower, performance higher, customer acceptance greater . . . or our stock more valuable. |
You are right again Bob--If you look at the next quarter only, or if you only look at the local market, or if you don't care two farts that the US has been HOBBLED by a difficult, antique and orphaned syst...(oops, there I almost goofed again)...trash can of smelly old measurements. In many companies, when the metric conversion question is raised, the chief engineer runs up to the VP's office and cries that armagedon will befall us. The truth is, in MY REAL EXPERIENCE, that the whole thing is much ado about nothing. The machinists never complained, the parts price didn't go up, the metric-screw vendors drove better cars. The only problem was the chief engineers who complained to the VPs. Their brilliant solution was dual-dimensioning. Now THERE"S an IDEA. Twice the errors. Half the benefit...but that's why they wear the big floppy shoes.
Quote: | Bob--.total change-out to ANY other system... |
I never said "Total Change-out". YOU DID, just to frighten people. Sure, there are plenty of reasonable exceptions. The English still drink ale in pints and measure horses in hands. Customary units that don't have to travel much are still around. Lumber 2 X 4's never were 2" x 4". Modular systems don't bother anybody. I don't know how big a brick is and hardly anyone cares. My seeming intractibility on this issue is the result of dealing with too many smart people who spend their time justifying their own way. Yikes...
I've got a couple questions for you, Bob....1) How big in inches is a fuel tank that holds ten quarts? The similar calculation is TRIVIAL in metric and you don't have to look up anything. --And 2) Why don't you spend some time overseas and get some perspective? We aren't in Kansas anymore Bob.
Quote: | Bob-- That's like saying that a novel written in German is somehow
superior to one written in English. Or that an e-book should be arbitrarily favored over the print version. Process does not trump elegant designs crafted of well organized simple-ideas. |
Ridiculous and irrelevant. It turns out that the same novel written in French probably IS better than one written in German. Paper IS easier to read than e-books. Process trumps elegant designs crafted of well organized simple-ideas (I had a girlfriend who spoke French in bed).... What does this have to do with anything? Would you like a measurement system OR NOT? Inches, feet, miles, hogsheads, barrels, pints, and yards isn't a system.
Quote by John Coltrane in English: "It was my beans and bacon...ya know. Jazz was my tea and crumpets, my toast and jam...." French translation: "C'est tout le monde ". So you can never be sure.
Quote: | Bob--The metric system is becoming more prevalent all the
time and the marketplace is and will continue to adjust
as the economics dictate. Keep in mind that many high volume
production operations call 6% net profit a good thing
causing their stock to rise while the competitor's 4%
profit is not so whippy in the eyes of Wall Street.
And do we suppose the stockholders give a rat's fat
patootie what measurement system was used to produce the
product? Ignorance and fear? Give me a break! It's going
to happen but in it's own good time and not because of (or
lack of) presidential decrees or cabbages lobbed in from
the balcony. Bob . . . |
Yes let's all go slow. Here's my cabbage--the US signed onto the metric system in 1866. No sense hurrying things, eh?
Teamwork: " A lot of people doing exactly what I say."
(Marketing exec., Citrix Corp.)
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Kellym
Joined: 10 Jan 2006 Posts: 1706 Location: Sun Lakes AZ
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Posted: Fri Nov 17, 2006 6:10 pm Post subject: Temperature units puzzle |
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Yeah, sure, the metric system is terrific, except, they screwed up a lot
of units. Temperature..too big, so that everything has to be expressed
as a decimal instead of integers. Pressure, same thing, at least for
tires. Torque, ditto. Distance..ditto. Centimeters are too small, meters
are too big. Oh, and the real big deal....all land in the US is titled
in English units that require hard conversion of every legal title
document at horrendous billions of dollars. The transportation industry
tried to convert. Because of the real estate involved, two sets of plans
had to be done for every project at a huge waste of money, with
subsequent high likelihood of mistakes, that could and did happen. FHWA
and many states came to their senses and abandoned the effort. Then you
have the bastardized METAR system, that winds up using English, nautical
and metric units all in the same weather sequence. What a load of crap!
Remember that 90% of all flights in the world occur within the US
border.........so why in the world should they be done to foreign
standards? You gonna pay to replace every altimeter, VSI airspeed and
temperature gauges with metric? Not me.
Machining and hardware manufacture is just a small piece of the
puzzle...but you already knew that.
Quote: |
Yes let's all go slow. Here's my cabbage--the US signed onto the metric system in 1866. No sense hurrying things, eh?
Teamwork: " A lot of people doing exactly what I say."
(Marketing exec., Citrix Corp.)
--------
Eric M. Jones
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_________________ Kelly McMullen
A&P/IA, EAA Tech Counselor # 5286
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